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ADE7768
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
THEORY OF OPERATION
The two ADCs in the ADE7768 digitize the voltage signals from
the current and voltage sensors. These ADCs are 16-bit Σ-Δs
with an oversampling rate of 450 kHz. This analog input
structure greatly simplifies sensor interfacing by providing a
wide dynamic range for direct connection to the sensor and
by simplifying the antialiasing filter design. A high-pass filter
in the current channel removes any dc component from the
current signal. This eliminates any inaccuracies in the real
power calculation due to offsets in the voltage or current
signals.
The real power calculation is derived from the instantaneous
0Wh
0W
ACTIVE ENERGY
INSTANTANEOUS
POWER
power signal. The instantaneous power signal is generated by
a direct multiplication of the current and voltage signals. To
extract the real power component (the dc component), the
instantaneous power signal is low-pass filtered. Figure 15
illustrates the instantaneous real power signal and shows how
the real power information can be extracted by low-pass
filtering the instantaneous power signal. In the ADE7768,
this signal is compared to 0 and only positive real power is
accumulated for F1, F2, and CF pulse outputs. This scheme
correctly calculates real power for sinusoidal current and
voltage waveforms at all power factors. All signal processing
Figure 16. Positive-Only Energy Accumulation
Power Factor Considerations
The method used to extract the real power information from
the instantaneous power signal (that is, by low-pass filtering) is
still valid even when the voltage and current signals are not in
phase. Figure 17 displays the unity power factor condition and a
displacement power factor (DPF) = 0.5 (a current signal lagging
the voltage by 60°). Assuming that the voltage and current
waveforms are sinusoidal, the real power component of the
instantaneous power signal (that is, the dc term) is given by
? × cos ( 60 ° )
? V × I ?
is carried out in the digital domain for superior stability over
temperature and time.
DIGITAL-TO-
FREQUENCY
F1
?
? 2 ?
(1)
CH1
ADC
HPF
F2
This is the correct real power calculation.
CH2
MULTIPLIER
ADC
LPF
≥ 0
DIGITAL-TO-
FREQUENCY
CF
INSTANTANEOUS
POWER SIGNAL
POWER
INSTANTANEOUS REAL
POWER SIGNAL
INSTANTANEOUS
POWER SIGNAL – p(t)
INSTANTANEOUS REAL
POWER SIGNAL
V × I
2
0V
CURRENT
TIME
TIME
TIME
VOLTAGE
Figure 15. Signal Processing Block Diagram
The low frequency outputs (F1 and F2) are generated by
POWER INSTANTANEOUS
POWER SIGNAL
INSTANTANEOUS REAL
POWER SIGNAL
accumulating positive-only real power information. This low
frequency inherently means a long accumulation time between
V × I
2
COS (60 ° )
output pulses. Consequently, the resulting output frequency is
proportional to the average positive-only real power. This
0V
TIME
average positive-only real power information is then accumu-
lated (by a counter) to generate real energy information (see
VOLTAGE
60 °
CURRENT
Figure 16). Conversely, due to its high output frequency and
shorter integration time, the CF output frequency is propor-
tional to the instantaneous positive-only real power. This is
useful for system calibration, which can be done faster under
steady load conditions.
Rev. A | Page 10 of 20
Figure 17. DC Component of Instantaneous Power Signal Conveys
Real Power Information, PF < 1
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